Gender Differences in the Costs that Subordinate Group Members Impose on Dominant Males in a Cooperative Breeder
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چکیده
In group-living species, the costs and benefits of group membership can vary with group composition (Krause & Ruxton 2002). Such effects are most evident when reproduction occurs in a social context. In cooperatively breeding species, participation in reproduction is typically biased towards a socially dominant breeding pair (reviews in Stacey & Koenig 1990; Taborsky 1994; Emlen 1997; Solomon & French 1997; Reeve & Keller 2001; Koenig & Dickinson 2004). However, subordinate individuals do not necessarily forego current reproduction completely. Male subordinates may reproduce with a group’s dominant (breeding) female, and genetic paternity analyses have confirmed that male subordinates sire young in various cooperatively breeding species (reviews in Cockburn 1998; Hughes 1998; Taborsky 2001). Likewise, female subordinates may produce their own offspring in addition to caring for those of Correspondence Jeremy Mitchell, Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Saint John’s, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada. E-mail: [email protected]
منابع مشابه
Sex differences in rates of territory joining and inheritance in a cooperatively breeding cichlid fish
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